1 The تورکمن تورکجهسی living in تورکمنیستان, افغانیستان and ایران are not to be confused with the Turkmen/Turkoman minorities in the شام (یورد) (i.e. عراق and سوریه) as the latter minorities mostly adhere to a Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. 2 This list only includes traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. Turks still living in the former عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو territories).
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